Node.js v22.0.0-nightly20240213544cfc5ef1 documentation
- Node.js v22.0.0-nightly20240213544cfc5ef1
-
►
Table of contents
- URL
- URL strings and URL objects
- The WHATWG URL API
- Class:
URL
- Class:
URLSearchParams
new URLSearchParams()
new URLSearchParams(string)
new URLSearchParams(obj)
new URLSearchParams(iterable)
urlSearchParams.append(name, value)
urlSearchParams.delete(name[, value])
urlSearchParams.entries()
urlSearchParams.forEach(fn[, thisArg])
urlSearchParams.get(name)
urlSearchParams.getAll(name)
urlSearchParams.has(name[, value])
urlSearchParams.keys()
urlSearchParams.set(name, value)
urlSearchParams.size
urlSearchParams.sort()
urlSearchParams.toString()
urlSearchParams.values()
urlSearchParams[Symbol.iterator]()
url.domainToASCII(domain)
url.domainToUnicode(domain)
url.fileURLToPath(url)
url.format(URL[, options])
url.pathToFileURL(path)
url.urlToHttpOptions(url)
- Class:
- Legacy URL API
- Percent-encoding in URLs
- URL
-
►
Index
- Assertion testing
- Asynchronous context tracking
- Async hooks
- Buffer
- C++ addons
- C/C++ addons with Node-API
- C++ embedder API
- Child processes
- Cluster
- Command-line options
- Console
- Corepack
- Crypto
- Debugger
- Deprecated APIs
- Diagnostics Channel
- DNS
- Domain
- Errors
- Events
- File system
- Globals
- HTTP
- HTTP/2
- HTTPS
- Inspector
- Internationalization
- Modules: CommonJS modules
- Modules: ECMAScript modules
- Modules:
node:module
API - Modules: Packages
- Net
- OS
- Path
- Performance hooks
- Permissions
- Process
- Punycode
- Query strings
- Readline
- REPL
- Report
- Single executable applications
- Stream
- String decoder
- Test runner
- Timers
- TLS/SSL
- Trace events
- TTY
- UDP/datagram
- URL
- Utilities
- V8
- VM
- WASI
- Web Crypto API
- Web Streams API
- Worker threads
- Zlib
- ► Other versions
- ► Options
URL#
Source Code: lib/url.js
The node:url
module provides utilities for URL resolution and parsing. It can
be accessed using:
import url from 'node:url';
const url = require('node:url');
URL strings and URL objects#
A URL string is a structured string containing multiple meaningful components. When parsed, a URL object is returned containing properties for each of these components.
The node:url
module provides two APIs for working with URLs: a legacy API that
is Node.js specific, and a newer API that implements the same
WHATWG URL Standard used by web browsers.
A comparison between the WHATWG and legacy APIs is provided below. Above the URL
'https://user:pass@sub.example.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash'
, properties
of an object returned by the legacy url.parse()
are shown. Below it are
properties of a WHATWG URL
object.
WHATWG URL's origin
property includes protocol
and host
, but not
username
or password
.
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ href │
├──────────┬──┬─────────────────────┬────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────┤
│ protocol │ │ auth │ host │ path │ hash │
│ │ │ ├─────────────────┬──────┼──────────┬────────────────┤ │
│ │ │ │ hostname │ port │ pathname │ search │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ ├─┬──────────────┤ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ query │ │
" https: // user : pass @ sub.example.com : 8080 /p/a/t/h ? query=string #hash "
│ │ │ │ │ hostname │ port │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ ├─────────────────┴──────┤ │ │ │
│ protocol │ │ username │ password │ host │ │ │ │
├──────────┴──┼──────────┴──────────┼────────────────────────┤ │ │ │
│ origin │ │ origin │ pathname │ search │ hash │
├─────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────┤
│ href │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
Parsing the URL string using the WHATWG API:
const myURL =
new URL('https://user:pass@sub.example.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash');
Parsing the URL string using the legacy API:
import url from 'node:url';
const myURL =
url.parse('https://user:pass@sub.example.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash');
const url = require('node:url');
const myURL =
url.parse('https://user:pass@sub.example.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash');
Constructing a URL from component parts and getting the constructed string#
It is possible to construct a WHATWG URL from component parts using either the property setters or a template literal string:
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org');
myURL.pathname = '/a/b/c';
myURL.search = '?d=e';
myURL.hash = '#fgh';
const pathname = '/a/b/c';
const search = '?d=e';
const hash = '#fgh';
const myURL = new URL(`https://example.org${pathname}${search}${hash}`);
To get the constructed URL string, use the href
property accessor:
console.log(myURL.href);
The WHATWG URL API#
Class: URL
#
Browser-compatible URL
class, implemented by following the WHATWG URL
Standard. Examples of parsed URLs may be found in the Standard itself.
The URL
class is also available on the global object.
In accordance with browser conventions, all properties of URL
objects
are implemented as getters and setters on the class prototype, rather than as
data properties on the object itself. Thus, unlike legacy urlObject
s,
using the delete
keyword on any properties of URL
objects (e.g. delete myURL.protocol
, delete myURL.pathname
, etc) has no effect but will still
return true
.
new URL(input[, base])
#
input
<string> The absolute or relative input URL to parse. Ifinput
is relative, thenbase
is required. Ifinput
is absolute, thebase
is ignored. Ifinput
is not a string, it is converted to a string first.base
<string> The base URL to resolve against if theinput
is not absolute. Ifbase
is not a string, it is converted to a string first.
Creates a new URL
object by parsing the input
relative to the base
. If
base
is passed as a string, it will be parsed equivalent to new URL(base)
.
const myURL = new URL('/foo', 'https://example.org/');
// https://example.org/foo
The URL constructor is accessible as a property on the global object. It can also be imported from the built-in url module:
import { URL } from 'node:url';
console.log(URL === globalThis.URL); // Prints 'true'.
console.log(URL === require('node:url').URL); // Prints 'true'.
A TypeError
will be thrown if the input
or base
are not valid URLs. Note
that an effort will be made to coerce the given values into strings. For
instance:
const myURL = new URL({ toString: () => 'https://example.org/' });
// https://example.org/
Unicode characters appearing within the host name of input
will be
automatically converted to ASCII using the Punycode algorithm.
const myURL = new URL('https://測試');
// https://xn--g6w251d/
In cases where it is not known in advance if input
is an absolute URL
and a base
is provided, it is advised to validate that the origin
of
the URL
object is what is expected.
let myURL = new URL('http://Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// http://example.com/
myURL = new URL('https://Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// https://example.com/
myURL = new URL('foo://Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// foo://Example.com/
myURL = new URL('http:Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// http://example.com/
myURL = new URL('https:Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// https://example.org/Example.com/
myURL = new URL('foo:Example.com/', 'https://example.org/');
// foo:Example.com/
url.hash
#
Gets and sets the fragment portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo#bar');
console.log(myURL.hash);
// Prints #bar
myURL.hash = 'baz';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/foo#baz
Invalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the hash
property
are percent-encoded. The selection of which characters to
percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()
and
url.format()
methods would produce.
url.host
#
Gets and sets the host portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org:81/foo');
console.log(myURL.host);
// Prints example.org:81
myURL.host = 'example.com:82';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.com:82/foo
Invalid host values assigned to the host
property are ignored.
url.hostname
#
Gets and sets the host name portion of the URL. The key difference between
url.host
and url.hostname
is that url.hostname
does not include the
port.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org:81/foo');
console.log(myURL.hostname);
// Prints example.org
// Setting the hostname does not change the port
myURL.hostname = 'example.com';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.com:81/foo
// Use myURL.host to change the hostname and port
myURL.host = 'example.org:82';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org:82/foo
Invalid host name values assigned to the hostname
property are ignored.
url.href
#
Gets and sets the serialized URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/foo
myURL.href = 'https://example.com/bar';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.com/bar
Getting the value of the href
property is equivalent to calling
url.toString()
.
Setting the value of this property to a new value is equivalent to creating a
new URL
object using new URL(value)
. Each of the URL
object's properties will be modified.
If the value assigned to the href
property is not a valid URL, a TypeError
will be thrown.
url.origin
#
Gets the read-only serialization of the URL's origin.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo/bar?baz');
console.log(myURL.origin);
// Prints https://example.org
const idnURL = new URL('https://測試');
console.log(idnURL.origin);
// Prints https://xn--g6w251d
console.log(idnURL.hostname);
// Prints xn--g6w251d
url.password
#
Gets and sets the password portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://abc:xyz@example.com');
console.log(myURL.password);
// Prints xyz
myURL.password = '123';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://abc:123@example.com/
Invalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the password
property
are percent-encoded. The selection of which characters to
percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()
and
url.format()
methods would produce.
url.pathname
#
Gets and sets the path portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/abc/xyz?123');
console.log(myURL.pathname);
// Prints /abc/xyz
myURL.pathname = '/abcdef';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/abcdef?123
Invalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the pathname
property are percent-encoded. The selection of which characters
to percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()
and
url.format()
methods would produce.
url.port
#
Gets and sets the port portion of the URL.
The port value may be a number or a string containing a number in the range
0
to 65535
(inclusive). Setting the value to the default port of the
URL
objects given protocol
will result in the port
value becoming
the empty string (''
).
The port value can be an empty string in which case the port depends on the protocol/scheme:
protocol | port |
---|---|
"ftp" | 21 |
"file" | |
"http" | 80 |
"https" | 443 |
"ws" | 80 |
"wss" | 443 |
Upon assigning a value to the port, the value will first be converted to a
string using .toString()
.
If that string is invalid but it begins with a number, the leading number is
assigned to port
.
If the number lies outside the range denoted above, it is ignored.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org:8888');
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 8888
// Default ports are automatically transformed to the empty string
// (HTTPS protocol's default port is 443)
myURL.port = '443';
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints the empty string
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/
myURL.port = 1234;
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 1234
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org:1234/
// Completely invalid port strings are ignored
myURL.port = 'abcd';
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 1234
// Leading numbers are treated as a port number
myURL.port = '5678abcd';
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 5678
// Non-integers are truncated
myURL.port = 1234.5678;
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 1234
// Out-of-range numbers which are not represented in scientific notation
// will be ignored.
myURL.port = 1e10; // 10000000000, will be range-checked as described below
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 1234
Numbers which contain a decimal point, such as floating-point numbers or numbers in scientific notation, are not an exception to this rule. Leading numbers up to the decimal point will be set as the URL's port, assuming they are valid:
myURL.port = 4.567e21;
console.log(myURL.port);
// Prints 4 (because it is the leading number in the string '4.567e21')
url.protocol
#
Gets and sets the protocol portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org');
console.log(myURL.protocol);
// Prints https:
myURL.protocol = 'ftp';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints ftp://example.org/
Invalid URL protocol values assigned to the protocol
property are ignored.
Special schemes#
The WHATWG URL Standard considers a handful of URL protocol schemes to be
special in terms of how they are parsed and serialized. When a URL is
parsed using one of these special protocols, the url.protocol
property
may be changed to another special protocol but cannot be changed to a
non-special protocol, and vice versa.
For instance, changing from http
to https
works:
const u = new URL('http://example.org');
u.protocol = 'https';
console.log(u.href);
// https://example.org/
However, changing from http
to a hypothetical fish
protocol does not
because the new protocol is not special.
const u = new URL('http://example.org');
u.protocol = 'fish';
console.log(u.href);
// http://example.org/
Likewise, changing from a non-special protocol to a special protocol is also not permitted:
const u = new URL('fish://example.org');
u.protocol = 'http';
console.log(u.href);
// fish://example.org
According to the WHATWG URL Standard, special protocol schemes are ftp
,
file
, http
, https
, ws
, and wss
.
url.search
#
Gets and sets the serialized query portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/abc?123');
console.log(myURL.search);
// Prints ?123
myURL.search = 'abc=xyz';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/abc?abc=xyz
Any invalid URL characters appearing in the value assigned the search
property will be percent-encoded. The selection of which
characters to percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()
and url.format()
methods would produce.
url.searchParams
#
Gets the URLSearchParams
object representing the query parameters of the
URL. This property is read-only but the URLSearchParams
object it provides
can be used to mutate the URL instance; to replace the entirety of query
parameters of the URL, use the url.search
setter. See
URLSearchParams
documentation for details.
Use care when using .searchParams
to modify the URL
because,
per the WHATWG specification, the URLSearchParams
object uses
different rules to determine which characters to percent-encode. For
instance, the URL
object will not percent encode the ASCII tilde (~
)
character, while URLSearchParams
will always encode it:
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/abc?foo=~bar');
console.log(myURL.search); // prints ?foo=~bar
// Modify the URL via searchParams...
myURL.searchParams.sort();
console.log(myURL.search); // prints ?foo=%7Ebar
url.username
#
Gets and sets the username portion of the URL.
const myURL = new URL('https://abc:xyz@example.com');
console.log(myURL.username);
// Prints abc
myURL.username = '123';
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://123:xyz@example.com/
Any invalid URL characters appearing in the value assigned the username
property will be percent-encoded. The selection of which
characters to percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()
and url.format()
methods would produce.
url.toString()
#
- Returns: <string>
The toString()
method on the URL
object returns the serialized URL. The
value returned is equivalent to that of url.href
and url.toJSON()
.
url.toJSON()
#
- Returns: <string>
The toJSON()
method on the URL
object returns the serialized URL. The
value returned is equivalent to that of url.href
and
url.toString()
.
This method is automatically called when an URL
object is serialized
with JSON.stringify()
.
const myURLs = [
new URL('https://www.example.com'),
new URL('https://test.example.org'),
];
console.log(JSON.stringify(myURLs));
// Prints ["https://www.example.com/","https://test.example.org/"]
URL.createObjectURL(blob)
#
Creates a 'blob:nodedata:...'
URL string that represents the given <Blob>
object and can be used to retrieve the Blob
later.
const {
Blob,
resolveObjectURL,
} = require('node:buffer');
const blob = new Blob(['hello']);
const id = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
// later...
const otherBlob = resolveObjectURL(id);
console.log(otherBlob.size);
The data stored by the registered <Blob> will be retained in memory until
URL.revokeObjectURL()
is called to remove it.
Blob
objects are registered within the current thread. If using Worker
Threads, Blob
objects registered within one Worker will not be available
to other workers or the main thread.
URL.revokeObjectURL(id)
#
id
<string> A'blob:nodedata:...
URL string returned by a prior call toURL.createObjectURL()
.
Removes the stored <Blob> identified by the given ID. Attempting to revoke a ID that isn't registered will silently fail.
URL.canParse(input[, base])
#
input
<string> The absolute or relative input URL to parse. Ifinput
is relative, thenbase
is required. Ifinput
is absolute, thebase
is ignored. Ifinput
is not a string, it is converted to a string first.base
<string> The base URL to resolve against if theinput
is not absolute. Ifbase
is not a string, it is converted to a string first.- Returns: <boolean>
Checks if an input
relative to the base
can be parsed to a URL
.
const isValid = URL.canParse('/foo', 'https://example.org/'); // true
const isNotValid = URL.canParse('/foo'); // false
Class: URLSearchParams
#
The URLSearchParams
API provides read and write access to the query of a
URL
. The URLSearchParams
class can also be used standalone with one of the
four following constructors.
The URLSearchParams
class is also available on the global object.
The WHATWG URLSearchParams
interface and the querystring
module have
similar purpose, but the purpose of the querystring
module is more
general, as it allows the customization of delimiter characters (&
and =
).
On the other hand, this API is designed purely for URL query strings.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/?abc=123');
console.log(myURL.searchParams.get('abc'));
// Prints 123
myURL.searchParams.append('abc', 'xyz');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/?abc=123&abc=xyz
myURL.searchParams.delete('abc');
myURL.searchParams.set('a', 'b');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/?a=b
const newSearchParams = new URLSearchParams(myURL.searchParams);
// The above is equivalent to
// const newSearchParams = new URLSearchParams(myURL.search);
newSearchParams.append('a', 'c');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/?a=b
console.log(newSearchParams.toString());
// Prints a=b&a=c
// newSearchParams.toString() is implicitly called
myURL.search = newSearchParams;
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/?a=b&a=c
newSearchParams.delete('a');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://example.org/?a=b&a=c
new URLSearchParams()
#
Instantiate a new empty URLSearchParams
object.
new URLSearchParams(string)
#
string
<string> A query string
Parse the string
as a query string, and use it to instantiate a new
URLSearchParams
object. A leading '?'
, if present, is ignored.
let params;
params = new URLSearchParams('user=abc&query=xyz');
console.log(params.get('user'));
// Prints 'abc'
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'
params = new URLSearchParams('?user=abc&query=xyz');
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'
new URLSearchParams(obj)
#
obj
<Object> An object representing a collection of key-value pairs
Instantiate a new URLSearchParams
object with a query hash map. The key and
value of each property of obj
are always coerced to strings.
Unlike querystring
module, duplicate keys in the form of array values are
not allowed. Arrays are stringified using array.toString()
, which simply
joins all array elements with commas.
const params = new URLSearchParams({
user: 'abc',
query: ['first', 'second'],
});
console.log(params.getAll('query'));
// Prints [ 'first,second' ]
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=first%2Csecond'
new URLSearchParams(iterable)
#
iterable
<Iterable> An iterable object whose elements are key-value pairs
Instantiate a new URLSearchParams
object with an iterable map in a way that
is similar to Map
's constructor. iterable
can be an Array
or any
iterable object. That means iterable
can be another URLSearchParams
, in
which case the constructor will simply create a clone of the provided
URLSearchParams
. Elements of iterable
are key-value pairs, and can
themselves be any iterable object.
Duplicate keys are allowed.
let params;
// Using an array
params = new URLSearchParams([
['user', 'abc'],
['query', 'first'],
['query', 'second'],
]);
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=first&query=second'
// Using a Map object
const map = new Map();
map.set('user', 'abc');
map.set('query', 'xyz');
params = new URLSearchParams(map);
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'
// Using a generator function
function* getQueryPairs() {
yield ['user', 'abc'];
yield ['query', 'first'];
yield ['query', 'second'];
}
params = new URLSearchParams(getQueryPairs());
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints 'user=abc&query=first&query=second'
// Each key-value pair must have exactly two elements
new URLSearchParams([
['user', 'abc', 'error'],
]);
// Throws TypeError [ERR_INVALID_TUPLE]:
// Each query pair must be an iterable [name, value] tuple
urlSearchParams.append(name, value)
#
Append a new name-value pair to the query string.
urlSearchParams.delete(name[, value])
#
If value
is provided, removes all name-value pairs
where name is name
and value is value
..
If value
is not provided, removes all name-value pairs whose name is name
.
urlSearchParams.entries()
#
- Returns: <Iterator>
Returns an ES6 Iterator
over each of the name-value pairs in the query.
Each item of the iterator is a JavaScript Array
. The first item of the Array
is the name
, the second item of the Array
is the value
.
Alias for urlSearchParams[@@iterator]()
.
urlSearchParams.forEach(fn[, thisArg])
#
fn
<Function> Invoked for each name-value pair in the querythisArg
<Object> To be used asthis
value for whenfn
is called
Iterates over each name-value pair in the query and invokes the given function.
const myURL = new URL('https://example.org/?a=b&c=d');
myURL.searchParams.forEach((value, name, searchParams) => {
console.log(name, value, myURL.searchParams === searchParams);
});
// Prints:
// a b true
// c d true
urlSearchParams.get(name)
#
Returns the value of the first name-value pair whose name is name
. If there
are no such pairs, null
is returned.
urlSearchParams.getAll(name)
#
name
<string>- Returns: <string[]>
Returns the values of all name-value pairs whose name is name
. If there are
no such pairs, an empty array is returned.
urlSearchParams.has(name[, value])
#
Checks if the URLSearchParams
object contains key-value pair(s) based on
name
and an optional value
argument.
If value
is provided, returns true
when name-value pair with
same name
and value
exists.
If value
is not provided, returns true
if there is at least one name-value
pair whose name is name
.
urlSearchParams.keys()
#
- Returns: <Iterator>
Returns an ES6 Iterator
over the names of each name-value pair.
const params = new URLSearchParams('foo=bar&foo=baz');
for (const name of params.keys()) {
console.log(name);
}
// Prints:
// foo
// foo
urlSearchParams.set(name, value)
#
Sets the value in the URLSearchParams
object associated with name
to
value
. If there are any pre-existing name-value pairs whose names are name
,
set the first such pair's value to value
and remove all others. If not,
append the name-value pair to the query string.
const params = new URLSearchParams();
params.append('foo', 'bar');
params.append('foo', 'baz');
params.append('abc', 'def');
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints foo=bar&foo=baz&abc=def
params.set('foo', 'def');
params.set('xyz', 'opq');
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints foo=def&abc=def&xyz=opq
urlSearchParams.size
#
The total number of parameter entries.
urlSearchParams.sort()
#
Sort all existing name-value pairs in-place by their names. Sorting is done with a stable sorting algorithm, so relative order between name-value pairs with the same name is preserved.
This method can be used, in particular, to increase cache hits.
const params = new URLSearchParams('query[]=abc&type=search&query[]=123');
params.sort();
console.log(params.toString());
// Prints query%5B%5D=abc&query%5B%5D=123&type=search
urlSearchParams.toString()
#
- Returns: <string>
Returns the search parameters serialized as a string, with characters percent-encoded where necessary.
urlSearchParams.values()
#
- Returns: <Iterator>
Returns an ES6 Iterator
over the values of each name-value pair.
urlSearchParams[Symbol.iterator]()
#
- Returns: <Iterator>
Returns an ES6 Iterator
over each of the name-value pairs in the query string.
Each item of the iterator is a JavaScript Array
. The first item of the Array
is the name
, the second item of the Array
is the value
.
Alias for urlSearchParams.entries()
.
const params = new URLSearchParams('foo=bar&xyz=baz');
for (const [name, value] of params) {
console.log(name, value);
}
// Prints:
// foo bar
// xyz baz
url.domainToASCII(domain)
#
Returns the Punycode ASCII serialization of the domain
. If domain
is an
invalid domain, the empty string is returned.
It performs the inverse operation to url.domainToUnicode()
.
import url from 'node:url';
console.log(url.domainToASCII('español.com'));
// Prints xn--espaol-zwa.com
console.log(url.domainToASCII('中文.com'));
// Prints xn--fiq228c.com
console.log(url.domainToASCII('xn--iñvalid.com'));
// Prints an empty string
const url = require('node:url');
console.log(url.domainToASCII('español.com'));
// Prints xn--espaol-zwa.com
console.log(url.domainToASCII('中文.com'));
// Prints xn--fiq228c.com
console.log(url.domainToASCII('xn--iñvalid.com'));
// Prints an empty string
url.domainToUnicode(domain)
#
Returns the Unicode serialization of the domain
. If domain
is an invalid
domain, the empty string is returned.
It performs the inverse operation to url.domainToASCII()
.
import url from 'node:url';
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--espaol-zwa.com'));
// Prints español.com
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--fiq228c.com'));
// Prints 中文.com
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--iñvalid.com'));
// Prints an empty string
const url = require('node:url');
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--espaol-zwa.com'));
// Prints español.com
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--fiq228c.com'));
// Prints 中文.com
console.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--iñvalid.com'));
// Prints an empty string
url.fileURLToPath(url)
#
url
<URL> | <string> The file URL string or URL object to convert to a path.- Returns: <string> The fully-resolved platform-specific Node.js file path.
This function ensures the correct decodings of percent-encoded characters as well as ensuring a cross-platform valid absolute path string.
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
new URL('file:///C:/path/').pathname; // Incorrect: /C:/path/
fileURLToPath('file:///C:/path/'); // Correct: C:\path\ (Windows)
new URL('file://nas/foo.txt').pathname; // Incorrect: /foo.txt
fileURLToPath('file://nas/foo.txt'); // Correct: \\nas\foo.txt (Windows)
new URL('file:///你好.txt').pathname; // Incorrect: /%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD.txt
fileURLToPath('file:///你好.txt'); // Correct: /你好.txt (POSIX)
new URL('file:///hello world').pathname; // Incorrect: /hello%20world
fileURLToPath('file:///hello world'); // Correct: /hello world (POSIX)
const { fileURLToPath } = require('node:url');
new URL('file:///C:/path/').pathname; // Incorrect: /C:/path/
fileURLToPath('file:///C:/path/'); // Correct: C:\path\ (Windows)
new URL('file://nas/foo.txt').pathname; // Incorrect: /foo.txt
fileURLToPath('file://nas/foo.txt'); // Correct: \\nas\foo.txt (Windows)
new URL('file:///你好.txt').pathname; // Incorrect: /%E4%BD%A0%E5%A5%BD.txt
fileURLToPath('file:///你好.txt'); // Correct: /你好.txt (POSIX)
new URL('file:///hello world').pathname; // Incorrect: /hello%20world
fileURLToPath('file:///hello world'); // Correct: /hello world (POSIX)
url.format(URL[, options])
#
URL
<URL> A WHATWG URL objectoptions
<Object>auth
<boolean>true
if the serialized URL string should include the username and password,false
otherwise. Default:true
.fragment
<boolean>true
if the serialized URL string should include the fragment,false
otherwise. Default:true
.search
<boolean>true
if the serialized URL string should include the search query,false
otherwise. Default:true
.unicode
<boolean>true
if Unicode characters appearing in the host component of the URL string should be encoded directly as opposed to being Punycode encoded. Default:false
.
- Returns: <string>
Returns a customizable serialization of a URL String
representation of a
WHATWG URL object.
The URL object has both a toString()
method and href
property that return
string serializations of the URL. These are not, however, customizable in
any way. The url.format(URL[, options])
method allows for basic customization
of the output.
import url from 'node:url';
const myURL = new URL('https://a:b@測試?abc#foo');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo
console.log(myURL.toString());
// Prints https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo
console.log(url.format(myURL, { fragment: false, unicode: true, auth: false }));
// Prints 'https://測試/?abc'
const url = require('node:url');
const myURL = new URL('https://a:b@測試?abc#foo');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo
console.log(myURL.toString());
// Prints https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo
console.log(url.format(myURL, { fragment: false, unicode: true, auth: false }));
// Prints 'https://測試/?abc'
url.pathToFileURL(path)
#
This function ensures that path
is resolved absolutely, and that the URL
control characters are correctly encoded when converting into a File URL.
import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
new URL('/foo#1', 'file:'); // Incorrect: file:///foo#1
pathToFileURL('/foo#1'); // Correct: file:///foo%231 (POSIX)
new URL('/some/path%.c', 'file:'); // Incorrect: file:///some/path%.c
pathToFileURL('/some/path%.c'); // Correct: file:///some/path%25.c (POSIX)
const { pathToFileURL } = require('node:url');
new URL(__filename); // Incorrect: throws (POSIX)
new URL(__filename); // Incorrect: C:\... (Windows)
pathToFileURL(__filename); // Correct: file:///... (POSIX)
pathToFileURL(__filename); // Correct: file:///C:/... (Windows)
new URL('/foo#1', 'file:'); // Incorrect: file:///foo#1
pathToFileURL('/foo#1'); // Correct: file:///foo%231 (POSIX)
new URL('/some/path%.c', 'file:'); // Incorrect: file:///some/path%.c
pathToFileURL('/some/path%.c'); // Correct: file:///some/path%25.c (POSIX)
url.urlToHttpOptions(url)
#
url
<URL> The WHATWG URL object to convert to an options object.- Returns: <Object> Options object
protocol
<string> Protocol to use.hostname
<string> A domain name or IP address of the server to issue the request to.hash
<string> The fragment portion of the URL.search
<string> The serialized query portion of the URL.pathname
<string> The path portion of the URL.path
<string> Request path. Should include query string if any. E.G.'/index.html?page=12'
. An exception is thrown when the request path contains illegal characters. Currently, only spaces are rejected but that may change in the future.href
<string> The serialized URL.port
<number> Port of remote server.auth
<string> Basic authentication i.e.'user:password'
to compute an Authorization header.
This utility function converts a URL object into an ordinary options object as
expected by the http.request()
and https.request()
APIs.
import { urlToHttpOptions } from 'node:url';
const myURL = new URL('https://a:b@測試?abc#foo');
console.log(urlToHttpOptions(myURL));
/*
{
protocol: 'https:',
hostname: 'xn--g6w251d',
hash: '#foo',
search: '?abc',
pathname: '/',
path: '/?abc',
href: 'https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo',
auth: 'a:b'
}
*/
const { urlToHttpOptions } = require('node:url');
const myURL = new URL('https://a:b@測試?abc#foo');
console.log(urlToHttpOptions(myURL));
/*
{
protocol: 'https:',
hostname: 'xn--g6w251d',
hash: '#foo',
search: '?abc',
pathname: '/',
path: '/?abc',
href: 'https://a:b@xn--g6w251d/?abc#foo',
auth: 'a:b'
}
*/
Legacy URL API#
Legacy urlObject
#
The legacy urlObject
(require('node:url').Url
or
import { Url } from 'node:url'
) is
created and returned by the url.parse()
function.
urlObject.auth
#
The auth
property is the username and password portion of the URL, also
referred to as userinfo. This string subset follows the protocol
and
double slashes (if present) and precedes the host
component, delimited by @
.
The string is either the username, or it is the username and password separated
by :
.
For example: 'user:pass'
.
urlObject.hash
#
The hash
property is the fragment identifier portion of the URL including the
leading #
character.
For example: '#hash'
.
urlObject.host
#
The host
property is the full lower-cased host portion of the URL, including
the port
if specified.
For example: 'sub.example.com:8080'
.
urlObject.hostname
#
The hostname
property is the lower-cased host name portion of the host
component without the port
included.
For example: 'sub.example.com'
.
urlObject.href
#
The href
property is the full URL string that was parsed with both the
protocol
and host
components converted to lower-case.
For example: 'http://user:pass@sub.example.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash'
.
urlObject.path
#
The path
property is a concatenation of the pathname
and search
components.
For example: '/p/a/t/h?query=string'
.
No decoding of the path
is performed.
urlObject.pathname
#
The pathname
property consists of the entire path section of the URL. This
is everything following the host
(including the port
) and before the start
of the query
or hash
components, delimited by either the ASCII question
mark (?
) or hash (#
) characters.
For example: '/p/a/t/h'
.
No decoding of the path string is performed.
urlObject.port
#
The port
property is the numeric port portion of the host
component.
For example: '8080'
.
urlObject.protocol
#
The protocol
property identifies the URL's lower-cased protocol scheme.
For example: 'http:'
.
urlObject.query
#
The query
property is either the query string without the leading ASCII
question mark (?
), or an object returned by the querystring
module's
parse()
method. Whether the query
property is a string or object is
determined by the parseQueryString
argument passed to url.parse()
.
For example: 'query=string'
or {'query': 'string'}
.
If returned as a string, no decoding of the query string is performed. If returned as an object, both keys and values are decoded.
urlObject.search
#
The search
property consists of the entire "query string" portion of the
URL, including the leading ASCII question mark (?
) character.
For example: '?query=string'
.
No decoding of the query string is performed.
urlObject.slashes
#
The slashes
property is a boolean
with a value of true
if two ASCII
forward-slash characters (/
) are required following the colon in the
protocol
.
url.format(urlObject)
#
urlObject
<Object> | <string> A URL object (as returned byurl.parse()
or constructed otherwise). If a string, it is converted to an object by passing it tourl.parse()
.
The url.format()
method returns a formatted URL string derived from
urlObject
.
const url = require('node:url');
url.format({
protocol: 'https',
hostname: 'example.com',
pathname: '/some/path',
query: {
page: 1,
format: 'json',
},
});
// => 'https://example.com/some/path?page=1&format=json'
If urlObject
is not an object or a string, url.format()
will throw a
TypeError
.
The formatting process operates as follows:
- A new empty string
result
is created. - If
urlObject.protocol
is a string, it is appended as-is toresult
. - Otherwise, if
urlObject.protocol
is notundefined
and is not a string, anError
is thrown. - For all string values of
urlObject.protocol
that do not end with an ASCII colon (:
) character, the literal string:
will be appended toresult
. - If either of the following conditions is true, then the literal string
//
will be appended toresult
:urlObject.slashes
property is true;urlObject.protocol
begins withhttp
,https
,ftp
,gopher
, orfile
;
- If the value of the
urlObject.auth
property is truthy, and eitherurlObject.host
orurlObject.hostname
are notundefined
, the value ofurlObject.auth
will be coerced into a string and appended toresult
followed by the literal string@
. - If the
urlObject.host
property isundefined
then:- If the
urlObject.hostname
is a string, it is appended toresult
. - Otherwise, if
urlObject.hostname
is notundefined
and is not a string, anError
is thrown. - If the
urlObject.port
property value is truthy, andurlObject.hostname
is notundefined
:- The literal string
:
is appended toresult
, and - The value of
urlObject.port
is coerced to a string and appended toresult
.
- The literal string
- If the
- Otherwise, if the
urlObject.host
property value is truthy, the value ofurlObject.host
is coerced to a string and appended toresult
. - If the
urlObject.pathname
property is a string that is not an empty string:- If the
urlObject.pathname
does not start with an ASCII forward slash (/
), then the literal string'/'
is appended toresult
. - The value of
urlObject.pathname
is appended toresult
.
- If the
- Otherwise, if
urlObject.pathname
is notundefined
and is not a string, anError
is thrown. - If the
urlObject.search
property isundefined
and if theurlObject.query
property is anObject
, the literal string?
is appended toresult
followed by the output of calling thequerystring
module'sstringify()
method passing the value ofurlObject.query
. - Otherwise, if
urlObject.search
is a string:- If the value of
urlObject.search
does not start with the ASCII question mark (?
) character, the literal string?
is appended toresult
. - The value of
urlObject.search
is appended toresult
.
- If the value of
- Otherwise, if
urlObject.search
is notundefined
and is not a string, anError
is thrown. - If the
urlObject.hash
property is a string:- If the value of
urlObject.hash
does not start with the ASCII hash (#
) character, the literal string#
is appended toresult
. - The value of
urlObject.hash
is appended toresult
.
- If the value of
- Otherwise, if the
urlObject.hash
property is notundefined
and is not a string, anError
is thrown. result
is returned.
url.parse(urlString[, parseQueryString[, slashesDenoteHost]])
#
urlString
<string> The URL string to parse.parseQueryString
<boolean> Iftrue
, thequery
property will always be set to an object returned by thequerystring
module'sparse()
method. Iffalse
, thequery
property on the returned URL object will be an unparsed, undecoded string. Default:false
.slashesDenoteHost
<boolean> Iftrue
, the first token after the literal string//
and preceding the next/
will be interpreted as thehost
. For instance, given//foo/bar
, the result would be{host: 'foo', pathname: '/bar'}
rather than{pathname: '//foo/bar'}
. Default:false
.
The url.parse()
method takes a URL string, parses it, and returns a URL
object.
A TypeError
is thrown if urlString
is not a string.
A URIError
is thrown if the auth
property is present but cannot be decoded.
url.parse()
uses a lenient, non-standard algorithm for parsing URL
strings. It is prone to security issues such as host name spoofing
and incorrect handling of usernames and passwords. Do not use with untrusted
input. CVEs are not issued for url.parse()
vulnerabilities. Use the
WHATWG URL API instead.
url.resolve(from, to)
#
The url.resolve()
method resolves a target URL relative to a base URL in a
manner similar to that of a web browser resolving an anchor tag.
const url = require('node:url');
url.resolve('/one/two/three', 'four'); // '/one/two/four'
url.resolve('http://example.com/', '/one'); // 'http://example.com/one'
url.resolve('http://example.com/one', '/two'); // 'http://example.com/two'
To achieve the same result using the WHATWG URL API:
function resolve(from, to) {
const resolvedUrl = new URL(to, new URL(from, 'resolve://'));
if (resolvedUrl.protocol === 'resolve:') {
// `from` is a relative URL.
const { pathname, search, hash } = resolvedUrl;
return pathname + search + hash;
}
return resolvedUrl.toString();
}
resolve('/one/two/three', 'four'); // '/one/two/four'
resolve('http://example.com/', '/one'); // 'http://example.com/one'
resolve('http://example.com/one', '/two'); // 'http://example.com/two'
Percent-encoding in URLs#
URLs are permitted to only contain a certain range of characters. Any character falling outside of that range must be encoded. How such characters are encoded, and which characters to encode depends entirely on where the character is located within the structure of the URL.
Legacy API#
Within the Legacy API, spaces (' '
) and the following characters will be
automatically escaped in the properties of URL objects:
< > " ` \r \n \t { } | \ ^ '
For example, the ASCII space character (' '
) is encoded as %20
. The ASCII
forward slash (/
) character is encoded as %3C
.
WHATWG API#
The WHATWG URL Standard uses a more selective and fine grained approach to selecting encoded characters than that used by the Legacy API.
The WHATWG algorithm defines four "percent-encode sets" that describe ranges of characters that must be percent-encoded:
-
The C0 control percent-encode set includes code points in range U+0000 to U+001F (inclusive) and all code points greater than U+007E (~).
-
The fragment percent-encode set includes the C0 control percent-encode set and code points U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+003C (<), U+003E (>), and U+0060 (`).
-
The path percent-encode set includes the C0 control percent-encode set and code points U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+0023 (#), U+003C (<), U+003E (>), U+003F (?), U+0060 (`), U+007B ({), and U+007D (}).
-
The userinfo encode set includes the path percent-encode set and code points U+002F (/), U+003A (:), U+003B (;), U+003D (=), U+0040 (@), U+005B ([) to U+005E(^), and U+007C (|).
The userinfo percent-encode set is used exclusively for username and passwords encoded within the URL. The path percent-encode set is used for the path of most URLs. The fragment percent-encode set is used for URL fragments. The C0 control percent-encode set is used for host and path under certain specific conditions, in addition to all other cases.
When non-ASCII characters appear within a host name, the host name is encoded using the Punycode algorithm. Note, however, that a host name may contain both Punycode encoded and percent-encoded characters:
const myURL = new URL('https://%CF%80.example.com/foo');
console.log(myURL.href);
// Prints https://xn--1xa.example.com/foo
console.log(myURL.origin);
// Prints https://xn--1xa.example.com