9  Interoperability: using HiCExperiment with other R packages

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Aims

This notebook illustrates how to use a range of popular Hi-Cβ€”related R packages with HiCExperiment objects. Conversion to the data structures supported by the following packages is illustrated here:

  • diffHic
  • multiHiCcompare
  • TopDom
  • GOTHiC

9.1 diffHic

diffHic is the first R package dedicated to Hi-C processing and analysis (Lun & Smyth (2015)). It is packed with useful functions to generate a contact matrix from read pairs and to perform downstream investigation, including normalization, 2D β€œpeak” (i.e. loops) finding and aggregation, differential interaction between samples, etc. It works seamlessly with the InteractionSet class of object, which can be easily obtained from a HiCExperiment object.

To do so, we first need to extract GInteractions from one or several HiCExperiment objects and create a single InteractionSet object.

library(InteractionSet)
library(GenomicRanges)
library(HiCExperiment)
library(HiContactsData)

# ---- This downloads an example `.mcool` file and caches it locally 
coolf <- HiContactsData('yeast_wt', 'mcool')
##  see ?HiContactsData and browseVignettes('HiContactsData') for documentation
##  loading from cache
cool <- import(coolf, format = 'cool')
gi <- cool |> 
    interactions() |> 
    as("ReverseStrictGInteractions")
iset <- InteractionSet(
    assays = list(
        counts = matrix(gi$count, ncol = 1), 
        balanced = matrix(gi$balanced, ncol = 1)
    ), 
    interactions = gi, 
    colData = data.frame(lib = c("WT"), totals = sum(gi$count))
)

From there, we can filter interactions to only retain those with significant enrichment over background.

library(diffHic)
set.seed(1234)

# --- Filter to find aggregated interactions
enrichments <- enrichedPairs(iset)
filter <- filterPeaks(enrichments, min.enrich = log2(1.2), min.diag = 5)
filtered_iset <- iset[filter]
filtered_iset
##  class: InteractionSet 
##  dim: 41872 1 
##  metadata(0):
##  assays(2): counts balanced
##  rownames: NULL
##  rowData names(4): bin_id1 bin_id2 count balanced
##  colnames: NULL
##  colData names(2): lib totals
##  type: ReverseStrictGInteractions
##  regions: 12079

# --- Visualize filtered interactions 
library(plyinteractions)
library(HiContacts)
##  Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'readr':
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interactions(filtered_iset) |> 
    filter(seqnames2 == 'II', seqnames1 == seqnames2) |> 
    plotMatrix(use.scores = 'count')

Next, we can cluster filtered interactions that are next to each other.

# --- Cluster interactions to find loops
clustered_iset <- clusterPairs(filtered_iset, tol = 5000)
clustered_iset$interactions 
##  ReverseStrictGInteractions object with 1644 interactions and 0 metadata columns:
##           seqnames1       ranges1 strand1     seqnames2       ranges2 strand2
##               <Rle>     <IRanges>   <Rle>         <Rle>     <IRanges>   <Rle>
##       [1]         I  15001-149000       * ---         I      1-122000       *
##       [2]         I 133001-148000       * ---         I 127001-139000       *
##       [3]         I 154001-160000       * ---         I 128001-149000       *
##       [4]         I 168001-173000       * ---         I 138001-148000       *
##       [5]         I 184001-196000       * ---         I   15001-23000       *
##       ...       ...           ...     ... ...       ...           ...     ...
##    [1640]       XVI 897001-898000       * ---       XVI 831001-832000       *
##    [1641]       XVI 907001-910000       * ---       XVI 840001-843000       *
##    [1642]       XVI 926001-934000       * ---       XVI 872001-878000       *
##    [1643]       XVI 933001-934000       * ---       XVI 858001-859000       *
##    [1644]       XVI 933001-942000       * ---       XVI 928001-934000       *
##    -------
##    regions: 2822 ranges and 0 metadata columns
##    seqinfo: 16 sequences from an unspecified genome

# --- Visualize clustered interactions 
interactions(filtered_iset) |> 
    mutate(cluster = clustered_iset$indices[[1]]) |> 
    filter(seqnames2 == 'II', seqnames1 == seqnames2) |> 
    plotMatrix(use.scores = 'cluster')

Finally, we can visualize identified individual interaction clusters identified with diffHic using HiContacts.

# --- Plot matrix at a clustered loops
cgi <- clustered_iset$interactions[554]
seqn <- seqnames(anchors(cgi, type="second"))
start <- start(anchors(cgi, type="second")) - 50000
end <- end(anchors(cgi, type="first")) + 50000
interactions_peak <- GRanges(seqn, IRanges(start, end))
p <- plotMatrix(cool[interactions_peak])

library(ggplot2)
an <- anchors(cgi)
p + geom_rect(
    data = data.frame(xmin = start(an[[2]]), xmax = end(an[[2]]), ymin = start(an[[1]]), ymax = end(an[[1]])), 
    aes(xmin = xmin, xmax = xmax, ymin = ymin, ymax = ymax), 
    inherit.aes = FALSE, 
    fill = NA, 
    colour = 'cyan'
)

9.2 multiHiCcompare

The multiHiCcompare package provides functions for joint normalization and difference detection in multiple Hi-C datasets (Stansfield et al. (2019)). According to its excerpt, to perform differential interaction analysis, it requires a list of raw counts for different samples/replicates, stored in data frames with four columns (chr, start1, start2, count).
Manipulate a HiCExperiment object to coerce it into such structure is straightforward.

library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(purrr)
coolf_wt <- HiContactsData('yeast_wt', 'mcool')
##  see ?HiContactsData and browseVignettes('HiContactsData') for documentation
##  loading from cache
coolf_eco1 <- HiContactsData('yeast_eco1', 'mcool')
##  see ?HiContactsData and browseVignettes('HiContactsData') for documentation
##  loading from cache
hics <- list(
    "wt" = import(coolf_wt, format = 'cool'),
    "eco1" = import(coolf_eco1, format = 'cool')
)
hics_list <- map(hics, ~ .x['XI'] |> 
    as.data.frame() |>
    mutate(chr = 1) |> 
    relocate(chr) |>
    select(chr, start1, start2, count)
)
head(hics_list[[1]])
##    chr start1 start2 count
##  1   1      1      1     2
##  2   1      1   1001     3
##  3   1      1   2001     3
##  4   1      1   3001    13
##  5   1      1   4001     9
##  6   1      1   5001    13

Once this list is generated, the classical multiHiCcompare workflow can be applied: first run make_hicexp(), followed by cyclic_loess(), then hic_exactTest() and finally results():

DI <- hics_list |> 
    make_hicexp(
        data_list = hics_list, 
        groups = factor(c(1, 2))
    ) |> 
    cyclic_loess() |> 
    hic_exactTest() |> 
    results()
DI
##           chr region1 region2     D      logFC    logCPM    p.value     p.adj
##         <num>   <int>   <int> <num>      <num>     <num>      <num>     <num>
##      1:     1       1    1001     1  0.4279414  6.382927 0.78960192 1.0000000
##      2:     1       1    3001     3  1.0325237  8.339327 0.06035705 0.9501367
##      3:     1       1    4001     4  0.6862141  7.597689 0.34723639 1.0000000
##      4:     1       1    5001     5  0.5124878  7.960339 0.43133791 1.0000000
##      5:     1       1    6001     6 -0.3568672  8.563374 0.52289982 1.0000000
##     ---                                                                      
##  22637:     1  663001  666001     3 -1.1680738  7.158551 0.17500113 1.0000000
##  22638:     1  664001  664001     0  1.4530501  8.536212 0.16535151 1.0000000
##  22639:     1  664001  665001     1 -0.1014769  8.166275 1.00000000 1.0000000
##  22640:     1  665001  665001     0 -0.3110054 10.013750 0.60075706 1.0000000
##  22641:     1  665001  666001     1 -0.4989794  7.750157 0.41481212 1.0000000

9.3 TopDom

The TopDom method is widely used to annotate topological domains in genomes from Hi-C data (Shin et al. (2015)). The TopDom package was created to implement this method in R (Bengtsson et al. (2020)).

Unfortunately, the format of the input to TopDom is rather tricky (see ?TopDom::readHiC). The following chunk of code shows how to coerce a HiCExperiment object into a TopDom-compatible object.

library(TopDom)
hic <- import(coolf_wt, format = 'cool')
HiCExperiment2TopDom <- function(hic, chr) {
    data <- list()
    cm <- as(hic[chr], 'ContactMatrix')
    data$counts <- as.matrix(cm) |> base::as.matrix()
    data$counts[is.na(data$counts)] <- 0
    data$bins <- regions(cm) |> 
        as.data.frame() |> 
        select(seqnames, start, end) |>
        mutate(seqnames = as.character(seqnames)) |>
        mutate(id = 1:n(), start = start - 1) |> 
        relocate(id) |> 
        dplyr::rename(chr = seqnames, from.coord = start, to.coord = end)
    class(data) <- 'TopDomData'
    return(data)
}
hic_topdom <- HiCExperiment2TopDom(hic, "II")
hic_topdom
##  TopDomData:
##  bins:
##  'data.frame':   813 obs. of  4 variables:
##   $ id        : int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##   $ chr       : chr  "II" "II" "II" "II" ...
##   $ from.coord: num  0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ...
##   $ to.coord  : int  1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 ...
##  counts:
##   num [1:813, 1:813] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...

Now that we have coerced a HiCExperiment object into a TopDom-compatible object, we can use the main TopDom function to annotate topological domains.

domains <- TopDom::TopDom(hic_topdom, window.size = 5)
domains
##  TopDom:
##  Parameters:
##  - window.size: 5
##  - statFilter: TRUE
##  binSignal:
##  'data.frame':   813 obs. of  7 variables:
##   $ id        : int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##   $ chr       : chr  "II" "II" "II" "II" ...
##   $ from.coord: num  0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ...
##   $ to.coord  : int  1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 ...
##   $ local.ext : num  -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0 0 ...
##   $ mean.cf   : num  0 0 0 0 0 ...
##   $ pvalue    : num  1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  domain:
##  'data.frame':   61 obs. of  7 variables:
##   $ chr       : chr  "II" "II" "II" "II" ...
##   $ from.id   : int  1 9 31 36 47 61 76 82 91 102 ...
##   $ from.coord: num  0 8000 30000 35000 46000 60000 75000 81000 90000 101000 ...
##   $ to.id     : int  8 30 35 46 60 75 81 90 101 136 ...
##   $ to.coord  : num  8000 30000 35000 46000 60000 75000 81000 90000 101000 136000 ...
##   $ tag       : chr  "gap" "domain" "gap" "domain" ...
##   $ size      : num  8000 22000 5000 11000 14000 15000 6000 9000 11000 35000 ...
##  bed:
##  'data.frame':   61 obs. of  4 variables:
##   $ chrom     : chr  "II" "II" "II" "II" ...
##   $ chromStart: num  0 8000 30000 35000 46000 60000 75000 81000 90000 101000 ...
##   $ chromEnd  : num  8000 30000 35000 46000 60000 75000 81000 90000 101000 136000 ...
##   $ name      : chr  "gap" "domain" "gap" "domain" ...

The resulting domains object can be used to extract annotated domains, store them in topologicalFeatures of the original HiCExperiment, and optionally write a bed file to export them in text.

topologicalFeatures(hic, 'domain') <- domains$bed |> 
    mutate(chromStart = chromStart + 1) |> 
    filter(name == 'domain') |> 
    makeGRangesFromDataFrame()
topologicalFeatures(hic, 'domain')
##  GRanges object with 52 ranges and 0 metadata columns:
##         seqnames        ranges strand
##            <Rle>     <IRanges>  <Rle>
##     [1]       II    8001-30000      *
##     [2]       II   35001-46000      *
##     [3]       II   46001-60000      *
##     [4]       II   60001-75000      *
##     [5]       II   75001-81000      *
##     ...      ...           ...    ...
##    [48]       II 664001-681000      *
##    [49]       II 681001-707000      *
##    [50]       II 707001-714000      *
##    [51]       II 714001-761000      *
##    [52]       II 761001-806000      *
##    -------
##    seqinfo: 1 sequence from an unspecified genome; no seqlengths

rtracklayer::export(topologicalFeatures(hic, 'domain'), 'hic_domains.bed')

9.4 GOTHiC

GOTHiC relies on a cumulative binomial test to detect interactions between distal genomic loci that have significantly more reads than expected by chance in Hi-C experiments (Mifsud et al. (2017)).

Using the GOTHiC function

Unfortunately, the main GOTHiC function require two .bam files as input. These files are often deleted due to their larger size, while the filtered pairs file itself is retained.

Moreover, the internal nuts and bolts of the main GOTHiC function perform several operations that are not required in modern workflows:

  1. Filtering pairs from same restriction fragment; this step is now usually taken care of automatically, e.g. with HiCool Hi-C processing package.
  2. Filtering short-range pairs; the GOTHiC package hard-codes a 10kb lower threshold for minimum pair distance. More advanced optimized filtering approaches have been implemented since then, to circumvent the need for such hard-coded threshold.
  3. Binning pairs; this step is also already taken care of, when working with Hi-C matrices in modern formats, e.g. with .(m)cool files.

Based on these facts, we can simplify the binomial test function provided by GOTHiC so that it can directly used binned interactions imported as a HiCExperiment object in R.

Show the code for GOTHiC_binomial function
GOTHiC_binomial <- function(x) {

    if (length(trans(x)) != 0) stop("Only `cis` interactions can be used here.")
    ints <- interactions(x) |>
        as.data.frame() |> 
        select(seqnames1, start1, seqnames2, start2, count) |>
        dplyr::rename(chr1 = seqnames1, locus1 = start1, chr2 = seqnames2, locus2 = start2, frequencies = count) |>
        mutate(locus1 = locus1 - 1, locus2 = locus2 - 1) |>
        mutate(int1 = paste0(chr1, '_', locus1), int2 = paste0(chr2, '_', locus2))
    
    numberOfReadPairs <- sum(ints$frequencies)
    all_bins <- unique(c(unique(ints$int1), unique(ints$int2)))
    all_bins <- sort(all_bins)
    upperhalfBinNumber <- (length(all_bins)^2 - length(all_bins))/2

    cov <- ints |> 
        group_by(int1) |> 
        tally(frequencies) |> 
        full_join(ints |> 
            group_by(int2) |> 
            tally(frequencies), 
            by = c('int1' = 'int2')
        ) |> 
        rowwise() |> 
        mutate(coverage = sum(n.x, n.y, na.rm = TRUE)) |> 
        ungroup() |>
        mutate(relative_coverage = coverage/sum(coverage))
    
    results <- mutate(ints,
        cov1 = left_join(ints, select(cov, int1, relative_coverage), by = c('int1' = 'int1'))$relative_coverage, 
        cov2 = left_join(ints, select(cov, int1, relative_coverage), by = c('int2' = 'int1'))$relative_coverage,
        probability = cov1 * cov2 * 2 * 1/(1 - sum(cov$relative_coverage^2)),
        predicted = probability * numberOfReadPairs
    ) |> 
    rowwise() |>
    mutate(
        pvalue = binom.test(
            frequencies, 
            numberOfReadPairs, 
            probability,
            alternative = "greater"
        )$p.value
    ) |> 
    ungroup() |> 
    mutate(
        logFoldChange = log2(frequencies / predicted), 
        qvalue = stats::p.adjust(pvalue, method = "BH", n = upperhalfBinNumber)
    )

    scores(x, "probability") <- results$probability
    scores(x, "predicted") <- results$predicted
    scores(x, "pvalue") <- results$pvalue
    scores(x, "qvalue") <- results$qvalue
    scores(x, "logFoldChange") <- results$logFoldChange

    return(x)

} 
res <- GOTHiC_binomial(hic["II"])
res
##  `HiCExperiment` object with 471,364 contacts over 802 regions 
##  -------
##  fileName: "/home/biocbuild/.cache/R/ExperimentHub/1a8be61e27f712_7752" 
##  focus: "II" 
##  resolutions(5): 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000
##  active resolution: 1000 
##  interactions: 74360 
##  scores(7): count balanced probability predicted pvalue qvalue logFoldChange 
##  topologicalFeatures: compartments(0) borders(0) loops(0) viewpoints(0) domain(52) 
##  pairsFile: N/A 
##  metadata(0):

interactions(res)
##  GInteractions object with 74360 interactions and 9 metadata columns:
##            seqnames1       ranges1 strand1     seqnames2       ranges2
##                <Rle>     <IRanges>   <Rle>         <Rle>     <IRanges>
##        [1]        II        1-1000       * ---        II     1001-2000
##        [2]        II        1-1000       * ---        II     5001-6000
##        [3]        II        1-1000       * ---        II     6001-7000
##        [4]        II        1-1000       * ---        II     8001-9000
##        [5]        II        1-1000       * ---        II    9001-10000
##        ...       ...           ...     ... ...       ...           ...
##    [74356]        II 807001-808000       * ---        II 809001-810000
##    [74357]        II 807001-808000       * ---        II 810001-811000
##    [74358]        II 808001-809000       * ---        II 808001-809000
##    [74359]        II 808001-809000       * ---        II 809001-810000
##    [74360]        II 809001-810000       * ---        II 809001-810000
##            strand2 |   bin_id1   bin_id2     count  balanced probability
##              <Rle> | <numeric> <numeric> <numeric> <numeric>   <numeric>
##        [1]       * |       231       232         1       NaN 7.83580e-09
##        [2]       * |       231       236         2       NaN 2.81318e-08
##        [3]       * |       231       237         1       NaN 2.02960e-08
##        [4]       * |       231       239         2       NaN 6.73108e-08
##        [5]       * |       231       240         3       NaN 7.37336e-08
##        ...     ... .       ...       ...       ...       ...         ...
##    [74356]       * |      1038      1040         8 0.0472023 3.85638e-07
##    [74357]       * |      1038      1041         1       NaN 5.03006e-08
##    [74358]       * |      1039      1039         1       NaN 8.74604e-08
##    [74359]       * |      1039      1040         7       NaN 1.02111e-07
##    [74360]       * |      1040      1040         2 0.0411355 1.19216e-07
##             predicted      pvalue      qvalue logFoldChange
##             <numeric>   <numeric>   <numeric>     <numeric>
##        [1] 0.00369352 3.68670e-03 0.063385760       8.08079
##        [2] 0.01326033 8.71446e-05 0.001926954       7.23674
##        [3] 0.00956681 9.52120e-03 0.150288341       6.70775
##        [4] 0.03172791 4.92808e-04 0.009806734       5.97810
##        [5] 0.03475538 6.81713e-06 0.000173165       6.43158
##        ...        ...         ...         ...           ...
##    [74356]  0.1817758 2.51560e-11 1.07966e-09       5.45977
##    [74357]  0.0237099 2.34310e-02 3.38098e-01       5.39837
##    [74358]  0.0412257 4.03875e-02 5.49519e-01       4.60031
##    [74359]  0.0481315 1.13834e-13 5.77259e-12       7.18423
##    [74360]  0.0561941 1.52097e-03 2.79707e-02       5.15344
##    -------
##    regions: 802 ranges and 4 metadata columns
##    seqinfo: 16 sequences from an unspecified genome

Session info

sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
##  ─ Session info ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##   setting  value
##   version  R Under development (unstable) (2024-10-21 r87258)
##   os       Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
##   system   x86_64, linux-gnu
##   ui       X11
##   language (EN)
##   collate  C
##   ctype    en_US.UTF-8
##   tz       America/New_York
##   date     2024-11-11
##   pandoc   3.1.3 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
##  
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##   BiocManager            1.30.25   2024-08-28 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
##   BiocParallel           1.41.0    2024-11-10 [2] Bioconductor 3.21 (R 4.5.0)
##   BiocVersion            3.21.1    2024-11-10 [2] Bioconductor 3.21 (R 4.5.0)
##   Biostrings             2.75.1    2024-11-10 [2] Bioconductor 3.21 (R 4.5.0)
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##   colorspace             2.1-1     2024-07-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
##   compiler               4.5.0     2024-10-23 [3] local
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##   DBI                    1.2.3     2024-06-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
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##   DelayedArray           0.33.1    2024-11-10 [2] Bioconductor 3.21 (R 4.5.0)
##   diffHic              * 1.39.0    2024-11-10 [2] Bioconductor 3.21 (R 4.5.0)
##   digest                 0.6.37    2024-08-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
##   dplyr                * 1.1.4     2023-11-17 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
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##   evaluate               1.0.1     2024-10-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
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##   glue                   1.8.0     2024-09-30 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
##   graphics             * 4.5.0     2024-10-23 [3] local
##   grDevices            * 4.5.0     2024-10-23 [3] local
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##   gtable                 0.3.6     2024-10-25 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
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##   RCurl                  1.98-1.16 2024-07-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
##   readr                  2.1.5     2024-01-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.5.0)
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##  
##   [1] /tmp/Rtmp04Rwt0/Rinst31e971dea8c2a
##   [2] /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.21-bioc/R/site-library
##   [3] /home/biocbuild/bbs-3.21-bioc/R/library
##  
##  ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

References

Bengtsson, H., Shin, H., Lazaris, H., Hu, G., & Zhou, X. (2020). R package TopDom: An efficient and deterministic method for identifying topological domains in genomes. https://github.com/HenrikBengtsson/TopDom
Lun, A. T. L., & Smyth, G. K. (2015). diffHic: a Bioconductor package to detect differential genomic interactions in Hi-C data. BMC Bioinf., 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0683-0
Mifsud, B., Martincorena, I., Darbo, E., Sugar, R., Schoenfelder, S., Fraser, P., & Luscombe, N. M. (2017). GOTHiC, a probabilistic model to resolve complex biases and to identify real interactions in hi-c data. PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0174744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174744
Shin, H., Shi, Y., Dai, C., Tjong, H., Gong, K., Alber, F., & Zhou, X. J. (2015). TopDom: An efficient and deterministic method for identifying topological domains in genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 44(7), e70–e70. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1505
Stansfield, J. C., Cresswell, K. G., & Dozmorov, M. G. (2019). multiHiCcompare: Joint normalization and comparative analysis of complex hi-c experiments. Bioinformatics, 35(17), 2916–2923. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz048
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