--- title: "AW Fisher tutorial" author: "Zhiguang Huo (Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida)" date: "`r Sys.Date()`" output: html_document: toc: true toc_depth: 2 number_sections: true vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{AWFisher} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::knitr} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}{inputenc} --- ```{r setup, include = FALSE} knitr::opts_chunk$set( collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>" ) options(stringsAsFactors = FALSE) ``` # Introduction ## Background Meta-analysis aims to combine summary statistics (e.g., effect sizes, p-values) from multiple clinical or genomic studies in order to enhance statistical power. Another appealing feature of meta-analysis is that batch effect (non-biological differences between studies because of sample platforms and experimental protocols) can be avoided, because the summary statistics are usually considered as standardized. The adaptively weighted Fisher's method (AW-Fisher) is an effective approach to combine $p$-values from $K$ independent studies and to provide better biological interpretability by characterizing which studies contribute to the meta-analysis. ## Statistical method Denote $\theta_k$ is the effect size of study $k$, $1\le k \le K$). The AW-Fisher's method targets on biomarkers differentially expressed in one or more studies. The null hypothesis $H_0$ and the alternative hypothesis are listed below. $$H_0: \vec{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\in \bigcap \{ \theta_k=0 \}$$ $$H_A: \vec{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\in \bigcup \{ \theta_k \ne 0 \},$$ Define $T(\vec{\textbf{P}}; \vec{\textbf{w}} ) = -2 \sum_{k=1}^K w_k \log P_k$, where $\vec{\textbf{w}} = (w_1, \ldots, w_K) \in {\{ 0,1 \} }^K$ is the AW weight associated with $K$ studies and $\vec{\textbf{P}} = (P_1, \ldots, P_K) \in {(0,1)}^K$ is the random variable of input $p$-value vector for $K$ studies. The AW-Fisher's method will find the optimal weight $\vec{\textbf{w}}^*$, and calculate the test statistics and AW-Fisher p-value based on $\vec{\textbf{w}}^*$. Collectively, the AW-Fisher's method will provide knowledge about which study contributes to the meta-analysis result via $\vec{\textbf{w}}^*$, and also generate p-value for rejecting the null hypothesis $H_0$. ## About this tutorial This is a tutorial for the usage of the AWFisher package. A real data example of the multiple-tissue mouse metabolism data is used. The major contents of this tutorial includes: - How to prepare the input for AWFisher. - Transcriptomic meta analysis. - Meta-analysis differential expression pattern (meta-pattern) detection. # About the package ## How to install the package To install this package, start R (version "3.6") and enter: ```{r, eval=FALSE} if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE)) install.packages("BiocManager") BiocManager::install("AWFisher") ``` ## How to cite the package * Huo, Z., Tang, S., Park, Y. and Tseng, G., 2020. P-value evaluation, variability index and biomarker categorization for adaptively weighted Fisher’s meta-analysis method in omics applications. *Bioinformatics*, 36(2), pp.524-532. * The manuscript can be found here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31359040 ## Maintainer Zhiguang Huo (zhuo@ufl.edu) ## Description about the example data -- multi-tissue mouse metabolism transcriptomic data The purpose of the multi-tissue mouse metabolism transcriptomic data is to study how the gene expression changes with respect to the energy deficiency using mouse models. Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency was found to be associated with energy metabolism disorder in children. Two genotypes of the mouse model - wild type (VLCAD +/+) and VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD -/-) - were studied for three types of tissues (brown fat, liver, heart) with 3 to 4 mice in each genotype group. The sample size information is available in the table below. A total of 6,883 genes are available in this example dataset. Tissue | Wild Type | VLCAD-deficent ------------- | ------------| ------------ Brown Fat | 4 | 4 Heart | 3 | 4 Skeleton | 4 | 4 ## Read in the example data ```{r} library(AWFisher) # Include the AWFisher package # load the data data(data_mouseMetabolism) # Verify gene names match across three tissues all(rownames(data_mouseMetabolism$brown) == rownames(data_mouseMetabolism$heart)) all(rownames(data_mouseMetabolism$brown) == rownames(data_mouseMetabolism$liver)) dataExp <- data_mouseMetabolism # Check the dimension of the three studies sapply(dataExp, dim) # Check the head of the three studies sapply(dataExp, function(x) head(x,n=2)) # Before performing differential expression analysis for each of these three tissues. # Create an empty matrix to store p-value. # Each row represents a gene and each column represent a study/tissue. pmatrix <- matrix(0,nrow=nrow(dataExp[[1]]),ncol=length(dataExp)) rownames(pmatrix) <- rownames(dataExp[[1]]) colnames(pmatrix) <- names(dataExp) ``` ## Prepare the input p-value matrix -- perform differential expression analysis in each study ```{r} library(limma) # Include the limma package to perform differential expression analyses for the microarray data for(s in 1:length(dataExp)){ adata <- dataExp[[s]] ControlLabel = grep('wt',colnames(adata)) caseLabel = grep('LCAD',colnames(adata)) label <- rep(NA, ncol(adata)) label[ControlLabel] = 0 label[caseLabel] = 1 design = model.matrix(~label) # design matrix fit <- lmFit(adata,design) # fit limma model fit <- eBayes(fit) pmatrix[,s] <- fit$p.value[,2] } head(pmatrix, n=2) ## look at the head of the p-value matrix ``` # Perform AW Fisher meta analysis using the multi-tissue mouse metabolism transcriptomic data ```{r} res <- AWFisher_pvalue(pmatrix) ## Perform AW Fisehr meta analysis qvalue <- p.adjust(res$pvalue, "BH") ## Perform BH correction to control for multiple comparison. sum(qvalue < 0.05) ## Differentially expressed genes with FDR 5% head(res$weights) ## Show the AW weight of the first few genes ``` # Differential expression pattern (meta-pattern) detection. ## Calculate dissimilarity matrix ```{r} ## prepare the data to feed function biomarkerCategorization studies <- NULL for(s in 1:length(dataExp)){ adata <- dataExp[[s]] ControlLabel = grep('wt',colnames(adata)) caseLabel = grep('LCAD',colnames(adata)) label <- rep(NA, ncol(adata)) label[ControlLabel] = 0 label[caseLabel] = 1 studies[[s]] <- list(data=adata, label=label) } ## See help file about about how to use function biomarkerCategorization. ## Set B = 1,000 (at least) for real data application ## You may need to wrap up a function (i.e., function_limma) ## to perform differential expression analysis for each study. set.seed(15213) result <- biomarkerCategorization(studies,function_limma,B=100,DEindex=NULL) sum(result$DEindex) ## print out DE index at FDR 5% head(result$varibility, n=2) ## print out the head of variability index print(result$dissimilarity[1:4,1:4]) ## print out the dissimilarity matrix ``` ## Apply the tight clustering algorithm to get gene modules with unique meta-pattern ```{r} library(tightClust) ## load tightClust package tightClustResult <- tight.clust(result$dissimilarity, target=4, k.min=15, random.seed=15213) clusterMembership <- tightClustResult$cluster ``` ## Visualize the heatmap of the first meta-pattern module for all three tissues. ```{r, fig.show='hold'} for(s in 1:length(dataExp)){ adata <- dataExp[[s]] aname <- names(dataExp)[s] bdata <- adata[qvalue<0.05, ][tightClustResult$cluster == 1 ,] cdata <- as.matrix(bdata) ddata <- t(scale(t(cdata))) # standardize the data such that for each gene, the mean is 0 and sd is 1. ColSideColors <- rep("black", ncol(adata)) ColSideColors[grep('LCAD',colnames(adata))] <- "red" B <- 16 redGreenColor <- rgb(c(rep(0, B), (0:B)/B), c((B:0)/16, rep(0, B)), rep(0, 2*B+1)) heatmap(ddata,Rowv=NA,ColSideColors=ColSideColors,col= redGreenColor ,scale='none',Colv=NA, main=aname) } ``` ```{r} sessionInfo() ```